USA: For the first time, a protocluster of seven galaxies at a distance of redshift 7.9 has been verified.
The term "redshift" refers to how the wavelength of light is stretched and seen as "shifted" towards the red portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, according to the European Space Agency, a global partner on the James Webb Space Telescope with NASA and the Canadian Space Agency.
The source is further away and farther back in time the higher the redshift.
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The telescope data showed that the protocluster of galaxies in this case had formed just 650 million years after the big bang. Astronomers used this information to predict the cluster's future evolution and discovered that it will probably increase in size and mass until it resembles the Coma Cluster.
The Coma Cluster is more than 20 million light-years across and is home to thousands of galaxies.
The Near-Infrared Spectograph, one of Webb's instruments, collected measurements that were crucial in confirming the galaxies' distance and the high velocities, which are travelling at more than two million miles per hour with a halo of dark matter.
Takahiro Morishita of IPAC-California Institute of Technology is the lead author of the study that was published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. "This is a very special, unique site of accelerated galaxy evolution, and Webb gave us the unprecedented ability to measure the velocities of these seven galaxies and confidently confirm that they are bound together in a protocluster," he said.
The largest mass concentrations in the known universe are galaxy clusters, and they have the power to significantly warp spacetime through a process known as "gravitational lensing."
This magnifying effect allowed the researchers to view the protocluster through Pandora's Cluster.
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The Hubble Space Telescope's Frontier Fields programme, which allocated Hubble time to observations using gravitational lensing, first identified the seven galaxies as potential candidates for observation. Webb, on the other hand, was built to observe infrared wavelengths, whereas Hubble is unable to detect light beyond the near-infrared.
In addition to imagery, the observatory provided spectroscopic information.