India has recently updated its long-standing criminal justice system, drawing criticism from some lawyers and activists. They argue that the changes might give more power to the police and worsen the backlog in an already overburdened system. The new laws, which replace the Indian Penal Code of 1860, the 1973 Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, took effect last week. Here are eight key provisions:

1. Harsher Penalties for Severe Crimes: The death penalty is now the maximum punishment for crimes such as gang rape of a woman under 18 and mob lynching.

2. Revised Sedition Laws: While the government claims to have abolished sedition clauses, a new clause has been introduced to punish "acts endangering the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India," which critics argue is a reworking of the controversial sedition law.

3. Trials in Absentia: For serious offenses, trials can proceed even if the accused is not present. If the police cannot locate the accused, the judge can still rule, and the punishment will be enforced once the person is found.

4, Mandatory Videotaping and Forensic Visits: Police raids and seizures must be videotaped, and forensic experts are required to visit crime scenes for serious offenses.

5. Digital Evidence: Digital records such as emails, server logs, messages, location data, and voicemails are now recognized as evidence during trials.

6. Community Service as Punishment: Community service is introduced as an alternative to jail for offenses like defamation and other minor crimes.

7. Swift Investigations for Women and Children: Police investigations in cases involving women and children must be completed within two months.

8. Timely Court Rulings: Courts must issue rulings within 45 days after arguments are completed, unlike before when no specific timeframe was set, leading to prolonged cases. Similarly, charges must be framed within 60 days of the first hearing.

Notably, the government aims to modernize and streamline India's criminal justice system, the new laws have sparked debate. Supporters argue that these changes will lead to quicker justice and better protection for vulnerable groups. However, critics are concerned about potential abuses of power and increased strain on an already overwhelmed legal system. As these laws take effect, their impact will become clearer, and ongoing scrutiny will be essential to ensure they achieve their intended goals without compromising citizens' rights.

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