The 1990s was a decade of significant social and cultural changes in India, and Bollywood played a crucial role in reflecting and sometimes challenging these transformations. As Bollywood filmmakers explored bold and unconventional themes, some films sparked controversy due to their provocative content and unconventional narratives. In this article, we present the top 10 most controversial films of the 90s that left a lasting impact on Indian cinema and ignited debates nationwide.

1. "Fire" (1996)
Director: Deepa Mehta

Controversy: "Fire" received immense backlash for its exploration of a lesbian relationship between two sisters-in-law. The film challenged traditional societal norms and faced protests from conservative groups, leading to several cinema halls refusing to screen it.

2. "Bandit Queen" (1994)
Director: Shekhar Kapur

Controversy: Based on the life of Phoolan Devi, a notorious bandit, "Bandit Queen" depicted explicit scenes of violence and sexual abuse. The Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) demanded numerous cuts, and the film faced opposition from certain political groups.

3. "Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love" (1996)
Director: Mira Nair

Controversy: "Kama Sutra" stirred controversy for its bold portrayal of sexuality and sensuality in ancient India. The film's explicit scenes led to debates on cultural representation and traditional Indian values.

4. "Sins" (1998)
Director: Vinod Pande

Controversy: "Sins" tackled taboo subjects like incest and sexual exploitation within the church. The film was banned by the CBFC for its explicit content, resulting in heated debates on artistic freedom and censorship.

5. "1947: Earth" (1998)
Director: Deepa Mehta

Controversy: Part of Deepa Mehta's Elements Trilogy, "1947: Earth" faced controversy for its portrayal of the 1947 partition of India and the communal tensions it depicted. The film was met with protests from certain groups claiming it misrepresented historical events.

6. "Bombay" (1995)
Director: Mani Ratnam

Controversy: "Bombay" faced opposition from some political groups who felt it portrayed their community in a negative light. The film was embroiled in controversies, leading to its screening being disrupted in certain regions.

7. "Sadak" (1991)
Director: Mahesh Bhatt

Controversy: "Sadak" dealt with the sensitive issue of forced prostitution and the exploitation of women. The film faced criticism for its explicit content and portrayal of the underworld.

8. "Daar" (1993)
Director: Yash Chopra

Controversy: "Daar" sparked debates for its portrayal of obsessive love and stalking. Certain groups criticized the film for glorifying harassment and violence against women.

9. "Naseem" (1995)
Director: Saeed Akhtar Mirza

Controversy: "Naseem" faced opposition for its depiction of the 1992 Babri Masjid demolition and the ensuing communal tensions. The film was criticized for its portrayal of religious sentiments.

10. "Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!" (1995)
Director: Ketan Mehta

Controversy: "Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India!" received criticism for its satirical portrayal of Indian society and its political system. Some groups felt the film undermined the nation's image and values.

These ten controversial films of the 90s not only challenged societal norms but also pushed the boundaries of Indian cinema. While some faced bans and protests, others sparked crucial conversations about freedom of expression and artistic representation in the country. Despite the controversies, these films left an indelible mark on Indian cinema and continue to be remembered for their bold storytelling and thought-provoking narratives.

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