Har Gobind Khorana was an Indian American biochemist. He shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for research that showed the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids. Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Award from Columbia University in the same year.
Har Gobind Khorana was born in the home of Krishna Devi Khurana and Ganpat Rai Khurana, who lived in Raipur, a village in Multan Punjab, British India, from a Punjabi Hindu family. The exact date of his birth is not certain, but he believed it to have occurred on 9 January 1922. Later this date was shown in some documents and has been widely accepted. He was the youngest of five children. His father was a village agricultural taxation clerk in the British Indian government. In his autobiography, he has written this summary "Although poor, my father was dedicated to educating his children and we belonged to the only literate family in a village inhabited by practically 100 people." It was the first four years of his education. He did his studies from the only school in the village under a tree.
His Nobel Lecture was delivered on 12 December 1968. Khorana was the first scientist to chemically synthesize oligonucleotides. The feat was also the world's first synthetic gene in the 1970s. In later years, the process has become broader. Later scientists noted their research advancing genome editing with the CRISPR / Cas9 system. He was elected as Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1978. Har Gobind Khorana died on 9 November 2011, in Concord, Massachusetts, at the age of 89. His wife, Esther, and daughter, Emily Anne, had died earlier, but Khorana was survived by his other two children.
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